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R Lipoic Acid ReferencesThese references apply to the article on R Lipoic Acid . 1. Reed LJ, DeBusk BG, Gunsalus IC, et al. Crystalline alpha-lipoic acid: a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase. Science 1951;114:93-94. 2. Carreau JP. Biosynthesis of lipoic acid via unsaturated fatty acids. Meth Enzmol 1979;62:152-158. 3. Dupre S, Spoto G, Materese RM, et al. Biosynthesis of alpha-lipoic acid in the rat: Incorporation of S- and C-labeled precursors. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980;202:361-365. 4. Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Rad Biol Med 1995;19:227-250. 5. Rosenburg HR, Culik R. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on vitamin C and vitamin E deficiencies. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;80:86-93. 6. Podda M, Tritschler HJ, Ulrich H, Packer L. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation prevents symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;204:98-104. 7. 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The influence of thioctic acid on metabolism and function of the diabetic heart. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;29:19-26. 26. Estrada DE, Ewart HS, Tsakiridis T, et al. Stimulation of glucose uptake by the natural coenzyme alpha-lipoic acid/thioctic acid: participation of elements of the insulin signaling pathway. Diabetes 1996;45:1798-1804. 27. Faust A, Burkart V, Ulrich H et al. Effect of lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes and insulitis in nonobese diabetic mice. Int J Immunopharmac 1994;16:61-66. 28. Henricksen EJ, Jacob S, Tritschler HJ, et al. Chronic thioctic treatment increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats. Diabetes 1994;Supplement 1:122A [abstract]. 29. Kawabata T, Packer L. Alpha-lipoate can protect against glycation of serum albumin, but not low density lipoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Comms 1994;203:99-104. 30. Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Schiemann AL, et al. Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-lipoic acid. Arzneimittel-Forschung 1995;45:872-874. 31. Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Tritschler HJ, et al. Improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose-disposal in type 2 diabetes after repeated parenteral administration of thioctic acid. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996;104:284-288. 32. Garrett NE, Malcangio M, Dewhurst M, Tomlinson DR. alpha-lipoic acid corrects neuropeptide deficits in diabetic rats via induction of trophic support. Neurosci Lett 1997;222:191-194. 33. Nagamatsu M, Nickander KK, Schmelzer JD. Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress, and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic Care 1995;18:1160-1166. 34. Ziegler D, Hanefield M, Ruhnau KJ, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the anti-oxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 1995;38:1425-1433. 35. 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Lipoic acid as a means of metabolic therapy of open-angle glaucoma. Vestn Oftalmol 1995;111:6-8. 40. Scheer B, Zimmer G. Dihydrolipoic acid prevents hypoxic/reoxygenation and peroxidative damage in rat mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993;302:385-390. 41. Assadnazari H, Zimmer G, Freisleben HJ, et al. Cardioprotective efficiency of dihydrolipoic acid in working rat hearts during hypoxia and reoxygenation. P nuclear magnetic resonance investigations. Arzneimittel-Forschung 1993;43:425-432. 42. Prehn JH, Karkoutly C, Nuglisch J, et al. Dihydrolipoate reduces neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992;12:78-87. 43. Wolz P, Krieglstein J. Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid and its enantiomers demonstrated in rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia. Neuropharmacology 1996;35:369-375. 44. Panigrahi M, Sadguna Y, Shivakumar BR, et al. alpha-lipoic acid protects against reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia in rats. 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Liu J, Head E, Gharib AM, Yuan W, Ingersoll RT, Hagen TM, Cotman CW, Ames BN. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 Feb 19;99(4):2356-61. 57. Hagen TM, Liu J, Lykkesfeldt J, Wehr CM, Ingersoll RT, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames BN. Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 Feb 19;99(4):1870-5. 58. Hofmann M, Mainka P, Tritschler H, Fuchs J, Zimmer G. Decrease of red cell membrane fluidity and -SH groups due to hyperglycemic conditions is counteracted by alpha-lipoic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995 Dec 1;324(1):85-92. 59. Haramaki N, Assadnazari H, Zimmer G, Schepkin V, Packer L. The influence of vitamin E and dihydrolipoic acid on cardiac energy and glutathione status under hypoxia-reoxygenation. 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